Laporan/Prosiding

Pustaka ini menguraikan hasil studi pilot project penggunaan keramik sebagai alat filtrasi air minum di Kamboja selama 4 tahun, 2002-2006. Dari hasil studi diketahui bahwa penggunaan keramik dapat meningkatkan kualitas air minum sehingga meningkatkan kesehatan masyarakat termasuk mengurangi timbulnya diare pada balita.

Dalam pustaka ini dijelaskan latar belakang pelaksanaan proyek; pihak-pihak yang terlibat menjadi produsen filter keramik; bagaimana filter itu dibuat; hasil penggunaan filter di masyarakat; diskusi hasil pilot project; dan rekomendasi serta ringkasan pelaksanaannya. Dalam pustaka ini disebutkan pula strategi perluasan penggunaan filter keramik di Kamboja serta keuntungan dan kerugiannya dalam pendekatan yang telah dilakukan kepada masyarakat.

Africa is the fastest urbanizing continent today. Its urban population will rise fourfold from 138 million in 1990 to 500 million by 2020. Managing the growing urban water demand among competing industrial, commercial and domestic sectors is an outstanding challenge faced by African cities.

The growing urban water demand has several implications, including the concern for environmental sustainability. But in the meantime, the marginal cost of supplying water to these cities is rising steeply, taking this life-sustaining commodity beyond the affordability of the average citizen.

The situation is clearly unsustainable. Yet, in many African cities, the water sector continues to be driven primarily by supply-side forces. Large expansion projects are being drawn up but few could be funded by the cash-strapped city authorities.

The Water for African Cities Programme is helping African cities to take a fresh look at managing their water more efficiently - to get the most mileage out of their existing investments. This should make good sense, particularly when many African cities loose more than half of their water treated at a high cost to leakage, wastage and illegal connections.

This publication, developed by the Water for African Cities Programme, documents good practices of water demand management currently in practice in five African cities: Cape Town, Durban, Hermanus, Johannesburg and Windhoek. City managers will find in this document a variety of experiences with water demand management measures. These range from economic measures like progressive tariff through technical measures like retrofitting to promotional measures involving awareness campaigns and water education. The success of these measures will, however, depend on the willingness of the city agencies to implement and the political will to back them up.

The Settlement Infrastructure Environment Programme (SIEP) of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) organized a regional training workshop on waste management, African Waste Forum ‘94, from 23 to 25 November 1994. The participants comprised senior policy-makers, local authority managers and representatives from NGOs and private-sector organizations. Thirteen countries were represented from the African region: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. A programme of the workshop and list of participants are given in Appendices I and II respectively.

This report covers the proceedings of the workshop. Section I consists of background information for the workshop, together with objectives and outputs. Section II contains conclusions and recommendations of the workshop. Section III is a summary of the working group discussions. Section IV comprises demonstration projects which were identified as follow-up activities resulting from the working group sessions. The appendices provide supplementary information, including the opening statement by Habitat, the keynote address on behalf of UNCHS (Habitat) Assistant Secretary-General, and the opening statement by the Minister for Local Government, Kenya.

This module has been developed as one of a set of modules of the training programme for community participation in improving human settlements. It discusses how and to what extent a community can participate in the development or in the implementation of a water-supply system in an urban low-income area. It outlines the various topics related to the two major areas of special attention (community participation and urban water supply) contained in the module.

The topics are divided into three pans:
• Defining the problem in urban water supply and management
• Availing tools: community participation, training, financing, technology
• Developing the project; planning, implementation, maintenance and evaluation.

The purpose of this manual is to provide a WDM Toolkit which can be used by water suppliers to assist them in understanding and managing their systems in order to improve the efficiency of water use within their areas of supply.

There are already numerous publications devoted to the concepts and practical implementation of WDM. This document will not attempt to address all of the issues covered by the other publications but will rather concentrate on providing a simple and straightforward approach to WDM, specifically for use in developing countries. Where appropriate, computer models will be discussed and referenced in this document to assist water suppliers. While the objective of the manual is to provide information that can be of assistance to water suppliers throughout Africa, some of the material used in the manual is based on some recent work undertaken through the South African Water Research Commission (WRC) and their support in allowing certain material to be reproduced is gratefully acknowledged.

This "Cookbook" has been split into seven sections, which in turn are supported by key information provided in six appendices. The details for each section and appendix are as follows:

Section 1: Introduction - This section provides the general overview of the purpose of the cookbook and provides some general background to the methodology used in the document.

Section 2: Concepts of Leakage - This section covers the various key concepts of leakage that all water distribution managers should understand if they are to manage their systems effectively. It also provides the principles on which the concepts of Component Based Leakage Management are based.

Section 3: Important Considerations - This section addresses various important issues that should be considered when managing leakage in a distribution system or when developing a WDM Strategy.

Section 4: Losses from the Reticulation Network - This section covers various issues influencing the losses from the reticulation network including pressure management, mains replacement, sectorising, low level audits, etc.

Section 5: Losses from Properties after the Water Meter - This section deals with losses after the property boundary which therefore includes internal plumbing losses and also discusses issues such as retrofitting and water re-use etc.

Section 6: Public Awareness and Education - This section deals with the very important but complex and often overlooked aspects of public awareness and education with regard to water use efficiency. It does not explore the issues in detail since many of the issues are dependant on the country in question and they vary significantly, due to the great cultural diversity, throughout Africa.

Section 7: Documentation - This section provides some useful references and web-site addresses which may be of interest to the water manager if more detailed information is required on various aspects of WDM.

Appendix A: Glossary of Water Balance Terms - This appendix provides a list of terms used to describe the various components of the standard IWA Water Balance.

Appendix B: Introduction to BABE, FAVAD and UARL - This appendix provides a general overview of the Burst and Background Estimate methodology as well as details of the Fixed Area Variable Area Discharges theory. It concludes with a breakdown of the calculation used to assess the Unavoidable Annual Real Losses associated with an area.

Appendix C: Methods of Calculating AZP Pressure - This appendix provides a simple description to assist water users in calculating the Average Zone Point pressure which is one of the key parameters used in the BABE calculations.

Appendix D Example of a High Level Water Audit: This appendix includes a completed Water Audit for a large water supply system for reference purposes.

Appendix E: Summary of the Various WDM Models developed through the WRC. This appendix provides a short description of the four main models developed by the WRC which are available through the internet.

Appendix F: Details of the Khayelitsha Pressure Management Project. This appendix includes a short description of one of the most successful examples of pressure management in the world where the results exceeded all expectations.

This publication is intended to assist those who are professionally involved in urban land use and management. It seeks to promote the role of stormwater drainage in the production of urban land particularly for human settlements, but also for commerce and industry, through the stabilization or reclamation of land that is currently unsuitable for such use because it is subject to permanent, seasonal or freak flooding. Specifically the purposes of the report are:

(a) To create awareness amongst urban land use planners and municipal engineers in developing countries of the economic and social benefits of the provision of good urban stormwater drainage;

(b) To provide technical information on the design of urban stormwater systems and land reclamation techniques, so that currently unsuitable urban land that is low-lying and subject to inundation, or on hillsides subject to storm-induced landslides, may be converted into safe land that can be used for low-income human settlements or for industry and commerce.

Chapter I discusses current trends in urbanization and the effects these have on land prices and the consequent necessity for the urban poor to settle on marginal land that is subject to flooding. It also discusses the major health problems faced by those living in these settlements. Chapter II identifies the potential impacts of urban stormwater drainage and consequent land stabilization and reclamation - the implications for urban land-use planning, effects on health and the resulting socioeconomic benefits. Chapter III addresses the engineering factors involved in urban stormwater drainage and land reclamation and stabilization, with emphasis not only on appropriate planning and design (details of the latter are presented in the annex) but also, in chapter IV, on operation and maintenance which is all too frequently done inadequately so that the full potential benefits of urban drainage projects are not realised. Chapter V provides guidance for the appraisal of urban stormwater drainage projects and, finally, chapter VI identifies areas for further action and research.

This module has been prepared as a general introduction to community participation in waste management. It provides background information on the facilities and systems used in urban-waste collection and disposal, on storage and transport facilities and on waste-disposal methods. As local conditions of city management and settlement development determine the relevant options, the final choice of community involvement depends on community-specific factors. The instructor should, therefore, collect information on specific local practices. The instructor must collect, beforehand, the answers to the specified questions.