Laporan/Prosiding

Considerable confusion has arisen about what regulation means in the context of water supply and sanitation (WSS) services. In particular, there are questions about the application of the “independent regulator” model to WSS in the developing world. What types of problems can it can address effectively What is its relevance, especially as provision and oversight of these services are often the responsibility of subnational governments with limited resources
       
The Explanatory Notes on Key Topics in the Regulation of Water and Sanitation Services provide a consistent set of principles and practices that respond to these questions. Such information will be of interest to service providers, policy makers, and development practitioners interested in improving the performance of WSS services in urban areas.

Table of Contents:

Introduction

Note 1 – Defining Economic Regulation for Water Supply Services

Note 2 – Designing Economic Regulation for Water Supply Services: A Framework

Note 3 – Choosing Organizations and Instruments for Economic Regulation of water Supply Services

Note 4 – Regulation and Private Participation Contracts

Note 5 – Cost of Service and Tariffs for water Utilities

Note 6 – Regulating Government-Owned Water Utilities

Note 7 – Regulating Wastewater Services in Developing Countries
 

One of the major issues affecting water utilities in the developing world is the considerable difference between the amount of water put into the distribution system and the amount of water billed to consumers (also called “non-revenue water” [NRW]). High levels of NRW reflect huge volumes of water being lost through leaks, not being invoiced to customers, or both. It seriously affects the financial viability of water utilities through lost revenue and increased operational costs. A high NRW level is normally a surrogate for a poorly run water utility that lacks the governance, the autonomy, the accountability, and the technical and managerial skills necessary to provide reliable service to their population.
       
The waste resources resulting from high NRW levels in developing countries is considerable. To illustrate this point, the study begins with a global overview of the situation and what it means in term of foregone services to new consumers and the financial costs to utilities.

Table of Contents:

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Executive Summary

The Case for Non-Revenue Water Reduction

Potential for Private Sector Involvement in NRW Reduction Activities

Performance-Based Service Contracting for NRW Reduction: International Case Studies

Lessons Learned and Overall Conclusions

Conclusions

Appendix 1. Non-Revenue Water: The Technical Issues
 

Safe water and sanitation are fundamental to human development When people are deprived in these areas, they face diminished opportunities to realize their potential as human beings. Unsafe water and inadequate sanitation are two of the great drivers of world poverty and inequality. They claim millions of lives, destroy livelihoods, compromise dignityand diminish prospects for economic growth. Poor people, especially poor women and children, bear the brunt of the human costs.

            At the start of the 21^st century we live in a world of unparalled prosperity. Yet almost 2 million children die each year for want of clean water and toilet. More than 1 billion people do not have access to safe water and 2.6 billion lack adequate sanitation. Meanwhile, inadequateaccess to water as a productive resource consigns millions to lives of poverty and vulnerability.

            The report documents the systematic violation of the right to water, identifies the underlying causes of the crisis and sets out an agenda for change. This year’s Human Development Report  looks at an issue that profoundly influences human potential and progress towards the Millenium Development Goals.

Contents:

Foreword

Acknowledgement

Overview: Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis

Chapter 1. Ending the Crisis in Water and Sanitation

Lessons from history

Today’s global crisis in water and sanitation

The human development costs of the crisis

The crisis hits the poor hardest-by far

The Millenium Development Goals and beyond-getting on track

Making process a reality

Chapter 2.Water for Human Consumption

Why the poor pay more-and get less water

Managing the network for efficiency and equity

Delivering the outcomes-the policies

Chapter 3. The Vast Deficit in Sanitation

The 2.6 billion people without sanitation

Why does sanitation lag so far behind water

Bringing sanitation for all within reach

The way ahead

Chapter 4. Water Scarcity, Risk and Vulnerability

Rethinking scarcity in a water-stressed world

Dealing with risk, vulnerability and uncertainty

The way ahead

Chapter 5. Water Competition in Agriculture

Water and human development-the livelihood links

Competition, rights and the scramble for water

Better governance in irrigation systems

Greater water productivity for the poor

The way ahead

Chapter 6. Managing Transboundary Waters

Hydrological interdependence

The costs of not cooperating

The case for cooperation

River basin cooperation for human development

Notes

Bibliographic Note

Bibliography

In this paper, we will investigate how a set of basic assumptions on service coverage, service levels, tariffs, and subsidies in the proposed transactions in Southwest Sri Lanka held up against consumer preferences. If the assumptions underlying the transaction design are flawed, the distribution of benefits between the different stakeholders will be affected and transactions can run into problems. We then propose, in a case where the basic assumptions underlying the PSP transaction design could have been adjusted to especially ensure that the poor will benefit from a PSP transaction.
       
Section 2 of this paper provides the background information and describes the main features of the survey data. Section 3 discusses a set of features that were used in the initial transaction design. Section 4 shows the impact of the different household preferences on these transaction features, and what this means in term of redesigning these features to ensure that the transaction would be more pro-poor. Conclusions and policy recommendations follow in section 5 of the paper.

Table of Contents:

Foreword

1.    Introduction

2.    Survey Results
Socioeconomic Characteristics
Water and Sanitation Characteristics

3.    Features of the PSP Transactions
Universal Service Obligation
Service Performance Specifications
Tariff and Subsidy Policy
Tariff Structure
Connection Charges

4.    Results from the Household Survey
Universal Service Obligation
Service Levels and Standards
Tariffs, Subsidies and Connection Fees
Household Perceptions
Conclusions

References

Annex 1. The Sri Lanka Transaction Design
 

The purpose of this report is to provide a synthesis and evaluation of the reform experience in the Latin American water supply industry during the eventful decade of the 1990s. To make the exercise tractable, the bulk of the discussion will focus on a “panel” of six countries – Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Panama, and Peru – chosen to represent a variety of approaches to the reform process.
       
A comparative analysis of the reform in these six countries will be complemented by use of more detailed examples and case material. The report will consider three major components of reform in Latin America: a) the extent to which the water industry has been restructured and companies have been subject to institutional transformation, b) the ways in which different countries have redefined the role of the state by separating out the functions of policymaker and regulator, and c) the sorts of instruments that regulators in Latin America have developed to support the day-to-day functioning of the regulatory process.

Table of Contents:

1.    Introduction

2.    Sector Restructuring, or the Balkanization of Water
2.1    Sector structure
2.2    Private sector participation

3.    Redefining The Role of the State, or The Quest for Regulatory
3.1    Institutional Framework
3.2    Regulatory Structure
3.3    Regulatory Leadership
3.4    Regulatory Resources
3.5    Regulatory Accountability

4.    Developing Regulatory Instruments, or the Missing Rules of the Game
4.1    Legal Framework
4.2    Tariff Regulation
4.3    Regulation and Social Policy
4.4    Output Regulation
4.5    Regulatory Information

5.    Conclusions

Bibliography
 

This study focuses on public providers that seek to improve performance while remaining in the public sector. A public utility is defined here as an organization that is majority owned and controlled by government and could consist of number of different forms, some of which may be undistinguished from the government unit that they may be part of. Further, the public utility has not engaged a private operator beyond a short term period and has engaged the private operator for very specialized functions. The water supply sector includes a wide range of organizational models, most of which involve some mix of the public and private involvement. The number and types of organizational models and ownership structures have increased substantially over the years since the introduction of private and public-private hybrid models.

Table of Contents:

Acronyms and Abbreviations

1.    Introduction
1.1    Background
1.2    The Taxonomy of Public Water Utilities
1.3    Objectives, Audience, and Scope of the Report
1.4    Methodology
1.5    How teh Report is Organized

2.    Overview of Public Water Utility Cases
2.1    Sample of Case Studies
2.2    Summary of Case Studies

3.    Case Study Findings
3.1    External Autonomy
3.2    External Accountability
3.3    Internal Accountability for Results
3.4    Market Orientation
3.5    Customer Orientation
3.6    Corporate Culture
3.7    Conclusions on Public Utility Cases

4.    Lesson Learned – Instilling Good Performance Among Public Utilities
4.1    The Reform Process is Inherently Political and Requires the Full Commitment of Its Policy Makers to Correctly Balance Financial and Political Objectives
4.2    Success is Often Unattainable without Reforming the External Environment, with Emphasis on the Role of the Owner
4.3    Fundamental Reforms are not a Quick Fix and Cannot be Substituted by Private Sector Participation
4.4    There Must be an Adherence to Financial Sustainability Objectives
4.5    Other External Stakeholders May be Important to Balance Potentially Conflicting Objectives of Politicians
4.6    Certain Decisions Must be Left to Utility Managers
4.7    Separating Functions and Arm’s Length Transactions are Important Elements of the Institutional Setup
4.8    Customers can be an Important Voice for Improving Performance

5.    Actions for Aligning ”Owner” Incentives
5.1    Creating a Central Policy and Oversight Body for Water Supply and Sanitation Services
5.2    Establishing a National Benchmark System to Monitor Performance
5.3    Creating Incentives through Intergovernmental Transfers
5.4    Promoting Arrangements with Multiple Stakeholders
5.5    Establishing Governments as Guarantors for Utility Performance
5.6    Establishing Performance-Based Agreements between the Owner and the Utility

Bibliography
 

Buku pegangan Sphere dirancang untuk digunakan dalam respons terhadap bencana, dan mungkin juga bermanfaat dalam kesiapsiagaan terhadap bencana dan advokasi kemanusiaan. Buku ini dapat diterapkan dalam serangkaian situasi dimana bantuan darurat diperlukan, termasuk dalam bencana alam dan juga konflik bersenjata.

Buku ini dirancang untuk digunakan pada situasi bencana baik yang terjadi secara berangsur-angsur maupun yang mendadak, baik pada lingkungan perdesaan maupun perkotaan, di negara-negara maju maupun berkembang, dimana saja di dunia ini. Penekanannya adalah selalu pada pentingnya memenuhi kebutuhan keberlangsungan hidup penduduk yang terkena dampak bencana, sambil menegaskan hak-hak asasi  sebagai manusia terhadap kehidupan yang bermartabat.

Daftar Isi:

Pengantar Edisi 2004

Apa Itu Sphere

Piagam Kemanusiaan

Bab 1. Standar-Standar Umum Semua Sektor

Bab 2. Standar-Standar Minimum Pasokan Air Bersih, Sanitasi dan Penyuluhan Kebersihan

Bab 3. Standar-Standar Minimum Ketahanan Pangan, Gizi dan Bantuan Pangan

Bab 4. Standar-Standar Minimum Tempat Hunian, Penampungan dan Barang-Barang Bantuan Non-Pangan

Bab 5. Standar-Standar Minimum Pelayanan-Pelayanan Kesehatan

Lampiran.
1.    Instrumen-Instrumen Hukum Penyokong Buku Pegangan Sphere
2.    Kode Perilaku Gerakan Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah Internasional dan Organisasi Non-Pemerintah dalam Bantuan Bencana
3.    Penghargaan
4.    Daftar Singkatan

Sekapur Sirih Masyarakat Penanggulangan Bencana Indonesia (MPBI)

Piagam Kemanusiaan dan Standar-Standar Minimum Respons Bencana

Formulir Umpan Balik

Indeks

 

Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Desa (RPJMDes) dianggap penting untuk segera dapat menjawab permasalahan AMPL di DEsa Inaoe Kecamatan Rote Selatan. Ada dua permasalahan pokok sector air minum yang harus menjadi perhatian di Desa Meoain, yaitu sumber air bersih terbatas baik jumlah, kualitas serta jarak yang jauh dari permukiman warga, serta masih rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat dalam pola hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS).

Dokumen Rencana Pembnagunan Jangka Menengah Desa (RPJMDes) sector air minum dan penyehatan lingkungan Desa Meoain disusun  secara partisipatif dengan melibatkan masyarakat melalui lokakarya dan diskusi dengan tujuan sebagai pedoman, standar, dan instrument bagi pelaksanaan pembangunan Sektor Air Minum dan Penyehatan Lingkungan di Desa Meoain Kecamatan Rote Barat Daya.

Dokumen Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Desa (RPJMDes) ini terdiri dari visi, misi, identifikasi masalah, tujuan, sasaran, program dan kegiatan tindak lanjut.

Daftar Isi:

Sambutan ketua Pokja AMPL-BM
Daftar Isi

Bab I. Pendahuluan
A.    Latar Belakang
B.    Maksud dan Tujuan
C.    Dasar Penyusunan
D.    Metode Penyusunan
E.    Ruang Lingkup

Bab II. Gambaran Umum Desa Meoain
A.    Kondisi Geografis dan Kependudukan
B.    Gambaran Kelembagaan Masyarakat
C.    Gambaran Penyebaran Penyakit Berbasis Air dan Lingkungan
D.    Data Cakupan AMPL

Bab III. Visi dan Misi RPJMdes
A.    Visi
B.    Misi
C.    Identifikasi Masalah
D.    Tujuan
E.    Sasaran
F.    Faktor Keberhasilan
G.    Rumusan Program
H.    Rumusan Kegiatan

Bab IV. Kesimpulan dan Saran
A.    Kesimpulan
B.    Rekomendasi

Lampiran
 

 Focus of the review was on whether it is possible to improve the pro-poor impact of agricultural water management projects at the margin, whatever the development objective. With this caveat, the objectives of the review were: 1) to assess the quality and effectiveness of poverty analysis in the most recent Bank-financed agricultural water projects, 2) to evaluate their contribution to poverty reduction and its measurement; and 3) to recommend ways to improve pro-poor results of agricultural water projects and to prepare tools and methodologies that could help achieve this.

The review is being conducted in two phases. Phase one, the subject of the present report, was conducted in 2006-7 and covered the first and second objectives. Phase two, to begin in mid-2007, would be covering the third objective.

Table of Contents:

Executive Summary
Introduction

1.    Agricultural Water Development and Poverty Linkages
1.1    Growth, distribution and poverty reduction through agricultural water
1.2    Empirical findings on the impact of agricultural water on poverty reduction
1.3    Maximizing the impact of agricultural water on poverty reduction

2.    Poverty Analysis in Recent Bank-financed Agricultural Water Projects
2.1    Poverty analysis methodology for agricultural water operations
2.2    Macro and sector level poverty analysis
2.3    Project and farm level poverty analysis

3.    Poverty Reduction in Bank-financed Agricultural Water Projects
3.1    Poverty reduction in project design
3.2    Project risk and poverty reduction
3.3    Benefits and their distribution
3.4    Poverty reduction targets and monitoring

4.    The Challenge of Improving the Poverty Reduction Impact of Bank-financed Agricultural Water Projects
4.1    An opportunity missed
4.2    Improving the pro-poor design of agricultural water projects
4.3    Improving pro-poor targets and results measurement
4.4    Possible measures to improve pro-poor performance of agricultural water projects

Annexes
1.    Questionnare used for the project review
2.    The projects selected for review
 

This report reviews the current World Bank portfolio in sanitation and hygiene. The Bank’s sanitation activities, ranging from latrine promotion to the construction of wastewater treatment plants, address a number of development objectives including improved health, greater human dignity, and a more sustainable environment.
       
This report looks particularly closely at the degree to which tha Bank’s activities support the achievement of the Millenium Development Goal (MDG) target of halving the fraction of the World’s population without access to basic sanitation by 2015, and the constraints to increasing support to that aim.

Table of Contents:

Executive Summary

1.    Introduction
1.1    Purpose and Objectives of This Document
1.2    The Global MDG Sanitation Challenge
1.3    World Bank WSS Sector Board Mandate for Sanitation and Hygiene
1.4    The Bank’s Sanitation Portfolio and Its Relation to the MDG Target
1.5    Structure of This Document

2.    Sanitation and Hygiene Investments at The World Bank
2.1    Introduction
2.2    The Active World Bank Water Supply and Sanitation Portfolio
2.3    Methodology
2.4    Analysis of Total Bank Lending (All Sectors) on Sanitation
2.5    Analysis of Nondedicated Projects
2.6    Analysis of Dedicated Projects
2.7    Targeting, Composition, and Monitoring of the Sanitation Components
2.8    Summary of the Portfolio Review Findings

3.    Constraints to Bank Action in Sanitation and Hygiene for the Poor
3.1    External Constraints
3.2    Internal World Bank Constraints

4.    Immediate Next Steps
4.1    Expand the Sanitation Hygiene and Wastewater Advisory Service
4.2    Develop Global and Regional Guidance and Strategies for Sanitation and Hygiene
4.3    Develop Practice Monitoring of Sanitation Activities