Laporan/Prosiding

Panduan Orientasi Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun ini disusun oleh Tim Cucxi Tangan Pakai Sabun pada Direktorat Penyehatan Lingkungan, Ditjen Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan bersama pemangku kepentingan lainnya dari lintas Direktorat Departemen Kesehatan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Bappenas/ AMPL, proyek terkait hygiene dan sanitasi, serta mitra dari Kemitraan Pemerintah-Swasta untuk Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun.
   
Maksud penyusunan modul ini adalah sebagai panduan bagi fasilitator dalam melakukan orientasi tentang CTPS bagi para fasilitator lapangan (train the trainer). Modul ini selanjutnya dapat digunakan sesuai dengan kondisi setempat untuk diterapkan kepada masyarakat sasaran kegiatan nasional CTPS.

Daftar Isi:

Modul 1. Advokasi dan Pemasaran Sosial

Modul 2. Alur Penyakit

Modul 3. Kemitraan

Modul 4. Penerapan

Modul 5. Teknik Fasilitasi

Modul 6. Sosialisasi Dokumen CTPS dan Pembentukan KPS-CTPS Daerah
 

The primary objective of this report is to provide practical guidance to World Bank teams advising on the design and implementation of reforms of urban water supply and sanitation (WSS) sectors.
  
This report focuses primarily on improving the service provided by official WSS service providers, which because of limited coverage or poor performance do not always have the monopoly of provision usually associated with WSS in urban areas.

This report includes three main chapters to discuss how to measure the performance of an urban WSS service, explain apparent performance gaps, if any; and design and implement reforms to increase access to the infrastructure, improve the efficiency of operations and enhance the reliability, sustainability and affordabilityof the service. As already mentioned, this report builds on several pieces of analytical research already published (or about to be published) by the Bank on topics such as stakeholder consultation, governance of public service providers, service efficiency, public-private partnerships, financing, and economic regulation. The report illustrates the various topics covered with specific cases of reforms, or consequences of lack of reforms.

Table of Contents:

Introduction

Executive Summary

1. Measuring the Performance of the Water Supply and Sanitation Service
1.1 Access to the WSS Infrastructure
1.2 WSS Infrastructure versus WSS Service
1.3 Substitutes to the Piped WSS Service

2. Understanding the Reasons for Apparent Performance Gaps
2.1 Engaging in Process Benchmarking
2.2 Presenting the Results of the ”Metric” and ”Process” Benchmarking

3. Designing and Implementing Succesful Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms
3.1 Involving Stakeholders in WSS Reforms
3.2 Revisiting WSS Policies
3.3 Changing the Culture of Public WSS Service Providers
3.4 Optimizing WSS Asset Management and WSS Infrastructure Development
3.5 Improving WSS Service Provision through Internally Developed Programs
3.6 Improving WSS Service Provision through Parnerships with the Private Sector
3.7 Financing WSS Operations in a Sustainable and Affordable Manner
3.8 Regulating the WSS Service in a Transparent and Predictable Manner
3.9 Implementing WSS Reforms
3.10 Using the Recommendations of This Report

References

Annexes
1. Evolution of Access to Safe Drinking Water in Urban Areas
2. Evolution of Access to Basic Sanitation in Urban Areas
3. IBNET and other Metric Indicators
4. Example of Summary Governance Assessment
5. Example of Confidential ”Vested Interest” Assessment
 

Water supply and sanitation services are crucial to a town’s prosperity, but service provision in towns has been extremely poor, most often characterized by sporadic government handouts for rehabilitation or expansion, followed by long periods of deterioration. There has been a lack of knowledge about institutional arrangements and planning processes appropriate to towns.
  
This report is a first attempt to set out a strategy for town water supply and sanitation. The primary objective is to identify, and find solutions for, the neglected towns - those that fall between rural and urban, the two relatively well-established approaches to managing water supply and sanitation services. Towns in the 2,000-50,000 population range generally fall within this “management gap”, they are the prime focus of this report. These towns face special challenges in the provision of their water and sanitation services. The demand for differentiated technologies-piped water supply in the core, alternative technologies in the fringe areas-and the often rapid, unpredictable growth in water demand and spatial spread requires planning, design, and management skills that exceed “rural” community-based management approaches. Unlike larger towns or cities, however, these smaller towns lack the financial and human resources to plan, finance, manage, and operate their water and sanitation systems independently.

Table of Contents:

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Executive Summary

1. The Town Challenge

2. Management of Water Supply and Sanitation

3. Design and Financing

4. Professional Support

5. Contracting

6. The Business Planning

7. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations

Annexes
Annexes A: Preliminary Data on the Proportion of People Living in Towns
Annexes B: Glossary of Legal Terms
Annexes C: Modular Approaches to Design
Annexes D: Financial Assessment of the Sector
Annexes E: Town Utility Operation Functions
Annexes F: Regulatory Tools
Annexes G: Contents of Volume 2 and 3

References
 

Urban water supply services have traditionally been provided by state-owned water utilities. In the past decades, many governments have tried to turn state-owned water utilities into effective and viable organizations – with mixed success. Why have some public utilities become more efficient service providers, while others have not been able to break the vicious cycle of low performance and low cost recovery. This report presents a framework of attributes of well-functioning utilities and how they choose and apply public utility reform approaches.
  
The report concludes that structural trends are altering the landscape in which water utilities operate and that these alterations offer opportunities for change. The major transition of most utilities in the past decades has not been from public to private operation, but from centralized to decentralized public provision. Fiscal squeeze has hit utilities hard: as public budgets decreased in the 1990’s, infrastructure investments dropped disproportionally as governments have few discretionary spending categories. Under budgetary pressure, many public institutions have adopted new management tools, often borrowed from the private sector, to complement more traditional bureaucratic tools. Many countries have democratized, and an emerging civil society – including a consumer movement – has out pressure to deliver better services.
  
This review is part of a broader program to help utilities in developing countries provide better water supply and sanitation services.

Contents:

Executive Summary

1. Introduction

2. Changing Realities But The Same Old Challenges

3. Attributes of A Well-Functioning Utility and Its Environment

4. Corporatization

5. The Use of Performance Agreements

6. Consumer Accountability Tools

7. Capacity Building

8. The Process of Improving and Institutionalizing Performance

9. Conclusion: Opportunitiesfor Scaling Up Public Water Utilities Reform

Annex 1: Overview of Recent and Ongoing World Bank Knowledge Work on Urban Utility Reform
Annex 2: Reference List
 

These guidelines are about planning strategically for improved sanitation in small towns. They have been developed in the context of the World Bank’s Town Water Supply and Sanitation Initiative (TWSSI) and are intended for general use. They are intended primarily for consultants and government officials who provide advice to municipalities on sanitation issues. However, they may also be usefully read by political leaders and representatives of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) with an interest in sanitation.
  
The guidelines are divided into four sectors. This introductory section includes basic definitions, a brief review of why sanitation is important, why planning is needed, what is meant by strategic planning, and why it is important to take a strategic approach. Section 2, Basic Concepts and Principles, sets out basic concepts and principles, stressing the need to be clear about objectives but also to base planning proposals on a sound assessment of the existing situation. Section 3, The Planning Process, deals with the planning process, what action needs to be taken and, at least as important, when does it need to be taken , and Section 4, Implementing the Plan, is concerned with the action to be taken to ensure that the plan is implemented.

Table of Contents:

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Acronyms and Abbreviations

1. Introduction

2. Basic Concepts and Principles

3. The Planning Process

4. Implementing The Plan

Appendix: Contents of Volume 2 and 3 (Available on CD-ROM)

References
 

This review aims to help those who work in and with water utilities, as well as organized users, regulators, and policymakers to improve the quality of water services by making service providers more accountable to the people they serve.
  
This review identifies a range of practical tools that can help to do this. It considers where they have been used, where they have succeeded and, as important, where they have failed, and draws lessons from this experience.

Contents:

Abbreviations and Acronyms
Executive Summary

1. Introduction and Objectives

2. The Context
2.1 The 1990s: Private involvement, regulation, and decentralization
2.2 The specific challenges of public water utilities
2.3 The relationship between monopolies and users responses
2.4 A pragmatic approach to public administration
2.5 Creating a balanced accountability system
2.6 Different routes to accountability
2.7 Accountability tools and organizational development and change

3. Tools for Utility Accountability
3.1 Categories of tools
3.2 The Tools

4. The Track Record of Accountability Tools
4.1 Criteria Record of Accountability Tools
4.2 Effectiveness
4.3 Inclusiveness
4.4 Efficiency
4.5 Sustainability

5. Choosing The Right Tools for The Context
5.1 Changes over time in utilities and accountability functions
5.2 External and internal influences on success
5.3 Conditions in which accountability tools can improve performance

6. Concluding Remarks

References

Annex: Recent and Ongoing World Bank Knowledge Work on Urban Water Utilities
 

 This report is the product of research conducted by The Urban Institute under the sponsorship of USAID’s Office of Housing and Urban Programs. It focuses on the relationships between the urbanization process and national economic development. The study is based on original field work, a review of recent analytical literature, and on the results of three seminars organized by The Urban Institute for USAID. The seminars focused on the relationship between urban development and macroeconomic policies; the impact of the functioning of urban land markets and systems of urban infrastructure provision on the national economy; and the interrelationships among urban development, urban labor markets, urban-rural linkages, and environmental conditions.
 
The first chapter of the report explains why many developing nations (along with international donors) have changed their view on the role of urbanization in the development process. Most are now coming to see urban growth more as a positive opportunity than a problem. The chapter also offers an economic framework for analyzing urban size and efficiency.
 
The next chapter considers the relationships between urban development and macroeconomics policy by focusing on the effects of the structural adjustment programs of the past decade. A special section looks in depth at the linkages between urban housing finance and macroeconomics policies.
 
The third chapter explores urban economic development from the local perspective. It examines how economic growth is (and can be) affected by local policies influencing land and infrastructure markets, local subsidies designed to attract industry, and public private cooperation in the formulation of local development strategies that take advantage of a locality’s competitive strengths.
 
The implications of the study’s findings for policy and research are discussed in the final chapter.

Contents:

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: WHAT THIS REPORT IS ABOUT

CHAPTER 1. RETHINKING THE ROLE OF URBAN AREAS IN NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The Case for Rural Development
Recent Reassessments: A More Positive View of Urbanization
An Economic Framework for Analyzing the Efficiency of Urban Growth
Conclusion: Opportunities for Efficiency Gains

CHAPTER 2. THE STRUCTURAL REFORM AGENDA AND ITS URBAN IMPACTS
Macro Reform Strategies that Affect Cities
Special Links among Housing, Infrastructure and National Economy
Conclusion: Policy Linkages between Cities and the National Economy

CHAPTER 3. ROLE IN URBAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Competition for Economic Growth
Importance to Local Economic Development of Appropriate
Targeted Economic Development Strategies
Conclusion: What Can Local Governments Do To Help

CHAPTER 4. POLICY PRIORITIES
Government as Enabler and Facilitator
Guidelines for Urban Economic Development

NOTES

REFERENCES
 

The Bank-Netherlands Water Partnership project aims at assessing the subsidy schemes in Senegal and Cote d’Ivoire for providing piped water to the poor. This study was commissioned to make a preliminary evaluation of the schemes in Dakar (in Senegal) and Abidjan (in Cote d’Ivoire). The fieldwork (April 22 through May 5, 2002) was made to explore whether those social connection programs might merit further study for application in other developing countries.

The objectives was to examine how well the schemes in West Africa for making social and ordinary connections are working. A social connection, aimed at the poor, is free, whereas an ordinary connection, aimed at wealthier households, must be paid for.

Table of Contents:

Executive Summary

1. Introduction
1.1 Objectives and Approach

2. Criteria for Social Connections

3. Pro-Poor Subsidies
3.1 Classification of Goods and Services
3.2 Worthy Goods
3.3 House Connections: Unlike Most Worthy Goods

4. Urban Water Supply in Dakar
4.1 Water Policy
4.2 Senegalese Institutions for Making Social Connections
4.3 How Social Connections Are Made in Senegal
4.4 How It Works in Cote d’Ivoire

5. Performance of The Social Connection Programs
5.1 Cote d’Ivoire
5.2 Senegal

6. Evaluation of The Social Connection Programs
6.1 Is There a Need for Social Connections
6.2 Are Social Connection Programs Serving the Poor
6.3 Are Administrative Costs of Social Connection Programs Low
6.4 Do Social Connection Programs Produce Perserve Incentives

7. Discussion and Recommendations
7.1 Serving the Poorest
7.2 Serving the Relatively Poor
7.3 Making Connections
7.4 Three Recommendations

Annexes
A. Considerations for Follow-Up Work
B. Key Persons Met
 

Tantangan pembangunan sanitasi perdesaan yang dihadapi umumnya masih berkaitan dengan perilaku dan buadaya masyarakat Indonesia, yaitu perilaku penduduk yang terbiasa buang air besar (BAB) di sembarang tempat, khususnya ke dalam badan air yang juga digunakan untuk mencuci, mandi, dan kebutuhan higienis lainnya. Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) adalah suatu pendekatan perubahan perilaku higiene dan sanitasi secara kolektif melalui pemberdayaan masyarakat untuk Stop BAB Sembarangan/ open defecation free (ODF).
 
Pedoman pelaksanaan Stop Buang Air Besar Sembarangan ini dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan keseragaman pelaksanaan program Stop Buang Air Besar Sembarangan bagi petugas pemerintah, swasta dan pihak lain yang menggunakan.

Pedoman pelaksanaan merupakan informasi pedoman pelaksanaan program Stop Buang Air Besar Sembarangan yang memuat tentang komponen dan metode pendekatan, pengelolaan kegiatan, strategi pelaksanaan, pendanaan, monitoring dan evaluasi.

Daftar Isi:

Pengantar

I. Pendahuluan
1.1 Latar Belakang
1.2 Tujuan
1.3 Pengertian

II. Komponen dan Metode Pendekatan Stop Buang Air Besar Sembarangan
 2.1 Komponen
 2.2 Metode Pendekatan

III. Pengorganisasian Pengelolaan Kegiatan Stop Buang Air Besar Sembarangan
 3.1 Pengorganisasian di Tingkat Pusat
 3.2 Pengorganisasian di Tingkat Propinsi
 3.3 Pengorganisasian di Tingkat Kabupaten
 3.4 Pengorganisasian di Tingkat Kecamatan
 3.5 Pengorganisasian di Tingkat Desa

IV. Strategi Pelaksanaan Kegiatan
 4.1 Tahapan Kegiatan
 4.2 Sistem Pemberian Penghargaan

V. Pendanaan
 5.1 Sumber Pendanaan
 5.2 Penggunaan Dana

VI. Monitoring dan Indikator Kinerja
6.1 Monitoring
6.2 Indikator Kinerja
 

Pustaka ini merupakan modul pelatihan Stop Buang Air Besar Sembarangan (Stop BABS) yang terdiri dalam 12 pokok bahasan lengkap dari mulai tahapan orientasi pelatihan sampai dengan tahapan monitoring dan evaluasi.

Daftar Isi:

Pokok Bahasan I. Orientasi Pelatihan
1.1 Pembukaan
1.2 Perkenalan
1.3 Pencairan Suasana
1.4 Perumusan Harapan
1.5 Tujuan dan Alur Pelatihan
1.6 Kontrak Belajar

Pokok Bahasan II. Kebijakan Nasional Air Minum dan Penyehatan Lingkungan Berbasis Masyarakat (AMPL-BM)
2.1 Kebijakan Nasional AMPL-BM
2.2 Strategi Nasional Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat

Pokok Bahasan III. Pengalaman Proyek Sebelumnya

Pokok Bahasan IV. Pengenalan Menuju Stop Buang Air Besar
4.1 Belajar dari Pengalaman di Berbagai Negara Lain (India, Bagladesh, dan Kamboja)
4.2 Belajar dari Pengalaman Indonesia

Pokok Bahasan V. Konsep Buang Air Besar Sembarangan
5.1 Prinsip-Prinsip Stop BABS
5.2 Tiga Pilar Participatory Rural Appraisal dalam Stop BABS dan Perubahan Perilaku
5.3 Tingkatan Partisipasi

Pokok Bahasan VI. Proses Pemicuan
6.1 Alat-Alat Utama Pra untuk Stop BABS
6.2 Elemen Pemicu dan Faktor Penghambat Pemicu
6.3 Yang harus dilakukan dan tidak boleh dilakukan

Pokok Bahasan VII. Tangga Sanitasi

Pokok Bahasan VIII. Pasca Pemicuan
8.1 Membangun Komitmen Masyarakat
8.2 Menyusun Rencana Tindak Lanjut di Masyarakat

Pokok Bahasan IX. Perencanaan Praktek Lapangan
9.1 Pembentukan Kelompok
9.2 Penyiapan alat dan Bahan
9.3 Pembagian Peran pada Kelompok
9.4 Simulasi

Pokok Bahasan X. Praktek Pemicuan
10.1 Persiapan ke lapangan
10.2 Pemicuan di masyarakat
10.3 Evaluasi/ Refleksi Temuan di lapangan

Pokok Bahasan XI. Penyusunan Rencana Tindak Lanjut

Pokok Bahasan XII. Evaluasi dan Penutupan
12.1 Pembulatan Materi
12.2 Evaluasi Penyelenggaraan
12.3 Post Test
12.4 Penutup