Laporan/Prosiding

This summary review is drawn from a larger report, “Rural Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene at the World Bank: A Review of 25 Years of Lending (1978-2003)” available at www. Worldbank.org/watsan.
 
The World Bank has more than 25 years of experience with lending for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (RWSSH) projects. Since the first sector loan in 1978 through 2003, the World Bnak lent approximately US$ 5.5 billion for RWSSH investments, using both single-sector (or “dedicated” water and sanitation) and multisector lending instruments.
 
Whereas the World Bank has undertaken assessments of its RWSSH portfolio in the past, such reviews have been limited in their coverage regionally, temporally, or substantively. This review, which represents the only known effort to investigate the full universe of Bank-supported projects in the sector, was spurred in part by the Millenium Development Goal (MDG) initiative. Recognizing that improving access to water and sanitation services in rural areas can play a major role in the poverty reduction agenda embodied by the MDGs, the World Bank’s Energy and Water Department launched this review to provide the Sector Board  with (a) an overview of historical trends, as well as the current scope and direction, of the RWSSH portfolio; (b) key insight regarding the alignment of the World Bank’s RWSSH activities with its commitment to attaining the MDGs; and (c) a proposed agenda to address gaps in knowledge and to help maximize the impact of the World Bank’s RWSSH lending.

Table of Contents:

1. Introduction

2. Findings
2.1 Lending and the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs)
2.2 Stand-alone and multisector operations
2.3 Sustainability
2.4 Scalability
2.5 Sanitation and Hygiene

3. Conclusions
 

This paper describes the essential characteristics of consumer cooperatives engaged in the provision of basic services and discusses their applicability as a model for water supply and sanitation service provision in urban areas. A cooperative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise.

The paper focuses on system-wide urban water supply cooperatives and it is thus not concerned with urban or peri-urban cooperatives that depend on either boreholes or bulk purchases of water from a utility for distribution, nor does it refer to rural water supply cooperatives that are generally small. After a general overview of cooperatives and a discussion of the main characteristics of utility cooperatives, the paper reviews the case of SANGUAPAC, a successful urban WSS cooperative in Bolivia, from which it draws some conclusions in the form of a preliminary assessment of cooperatives as a model for delivery of urban water supply and sanitation (WSS) services.

Table of Contents:

Summary

1. Introduction
1.1 The Challenge of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
1.2 The Search for Alternative Models of Provision of Water Supply and Sanitation Services
1.3 Cooperatives as an Alternative to Public and Private (Investor-Owned) Provision
1.4 The Structure of the Paper

2. An Overview of Cooperatives
2.1 Cooperatives
2.2 Utility Cooperatives

3. A Case Study on Saguapac
3.1 General Description
3.2 Assessment of the Institutional Environment
3.3 Assessment of the Internal Functioning of the Utility
3.4 Conclusion

4. Conclusions: A Preliminary Assessment
4.1 Consumer Cooperatives Can Offer an Alternative Institutional Model for Delivery of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Services
4.2 Critical Success Factors for Well-Performing Consumer Cooperatives
4.3 How Can the Cooperative Model be Used in Sector Reform Processes
4.4 Final Remarks

Annex Saguapac: Performance Indicators
 

 Halving the number of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water by 2015 is an important Millenium Development Goal. How do we design policies and projects that will efficiently and equitably help meet this goal How do we accurately monitor and systematically evaluate progress towards attaining this target By characterizing the current needs and constraints of households and service providers, the data from baseline surveys define the starting point in quantifiable terms. Collectively such information can be deployed in generating hypotheses and explanations about the behaviors of households and providers, designing incentives and directives, setting targets, defining indicators, monitoring progress toward goals, and evaluating specific programs and projects for desired outcomes. We illustrate these fetures through a case study of water, sanitation, hygiene, and poverty from coastal towns of southwest Sri Lanka.

This paper illustrates the types of information generated by household and community surveys for the purposes of establishing baselines. If the PSP transaction were to be implemented in thisregion, our data could be used to monitor and evaluate the performance of such a transaction in for instance delivering WSS services to the poor. We also evaluate various “pro-poor” design issues such as service level, tariff, and subsidy options.

Table of Contents:

Summary

1. Introduction

2. Study Design
2.1 Defining, Surveying, and Mapping the Poor
2.2 Characterizing the current water and sanitation situation
2.3 Survey results

3. Conclusions

Bibliography

Annexes
A. Data Compilation in GIS
B. Figure B1 Distribution of Private Tap and Well Uses in the Greater Negombo
C. Figure B2 Distribution of the Poor in the Greater Negombo
 

Between 1994 and 2004, the World Bank approved funding for WSS projects that supported local private sector participation (PSP) in the development or operations (or both) of water supply (and, in a few cases, sewerage) services in small and medium-size towns in a number of countries in Africa, Latin America, and Esat Asia. This study documents the experience to date of such projects in five countries: Cambodia, Colombia, Paraguay, the Philippines, and Uganda.

This report summarizes information on the contracts and the selection process, extracts lessons learned to date from the cases, and recommends follow up activities to address some key issues and fill gaps that were identified in the course of the study.

Table of Contents:

List of Acronyms

1. Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Study Objectives and Methodology

2. Summary of the Cases
2.1 Cambodia: Design-Build-Operate Contracts and Design-Build-Lease Contracts
2.2 Colombia: Operation with Investment and Construction-Operation Contracts
2.3 Paraguay: Build-Operate Contracts
2.4 The Philippines: Design-Build-Lease Contracts and Operation and Maintenance Contracts
2.5 Uganda: Short-Term O&M “Management” Contracts

3. Findings
3.1 Overview of the Contracts, Local Private Operators, and Contracting Parties
3.2 The Political Economy and the Development of the Upstream Policy Framework
3.3 Contract Form and Content
3.4 The Selection Process
3.5 Training, Consultation, and Promotional Activities
3.6 Financial Arrangements and Risk Mitigation Instruments
3.7 Monitoring and Regulatory Arrangements

4. Lessons Learned
4.1 The Political Economy and the Development of the Upstream Policy Framework
4.2 Design of the Contractual Arrangements and the Selection Process
4.3 Training, Consultation, and Promotional Activities
4.4 Financial Arrangements and Risk Mitigation Instruments
4.5 Regulatory Framework, Capacity, and Mechanisms

5. References

This study investigates issues related to the aggregation of small and medium-size towns for the provision of water supply and sanitation (WSS) services. “Aggregation” is defined as the grouping of several municipalities into a single administrative structure for the provision of a particular service. Such aggregated structures can vary widely, generally along three dimensions; scale, scope, and process.
 
The main driver for aggregation is usually the potential to realize economies of scale by providing services to a larger customer base and therefore to render services more efficiently and at a lower cost. Despite the case for aggregation being relatively easy to construct, aggregation does not take place as often as one may think, and it has a relatively high risk of failure because political will is lacking, the potential benefits are not clearly understood, or the aggregation process is perceived as too complex.

Table of Contents:

Executive Summary

1. Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Study Background
1.3 Research Methods
1.4 Structure of This Report

2. Summary Presentation of Case Studies
2.1 Aggregation Experiences
2.2 Case Studies Selection Method
2.3 Summary of Selected Case Studies

3. Rationale and Context for Aggregation
3.1 Main Drivers for Aggregation
3.2 What Are the Potential Benefits and Constraints to Aggregation

4. Alternative Models of Aggregation
4.1 Scale
4.2 Scope
4.3 Process

5. The Implementation Challenge of Aggregation
5.1 Forms of Aggregated Structures
5.2 Governance Arrangments for Aggregated Structure
5.3 Asset Ownership
5.4 Transfer of Staff
5.5 Entry and Exit Conditions
5.6 Tariff and Service-Level Harmonization

6. Conclusions and Policy Implications

Annexes
A. Drivers and Constraints to Aggregation
B. Steps in the Aggregation Process
C. Aggregation Case Studies Summary

The Bank-Netherlands Water Partnership project aims at assessing the subsidy schemes in Senegal and Cote d’Ivoire for providing piped water to the poor. This study was commissioned to make a preliminary evaluation of the schemes in Dakar (in Senegal) and Abidjan (in Cote d’Ivoire). The field work (April 22 through May 5, 2002) was made to explore whether those social connection programs might merit further study for application in other developing countries.
 
The objectives was to examine how well the schemes in West Africa for making social and ordinary connections are working. A social connection, aimed at the poor, is free, whereas an ordinary connection, aimed at wealthier households, must be paid for.

Table of Contents:

1. Background
1.1 Objectives and Approach

2. Senegal
2.1 Criteria for Social Connections
2.2 Water Supply Policy in Dakar
2.3 Senegales Institutions for Making Social Connections
2.4 How Social Connections Are Made in Senegal

3. Differences Between Senegal and Cote D’Ivoire

4. Performances of the Social Connection Programs
4.1 Cote d’Ivoire
4.2 Senegal

5. Analysis
5.1 Is There a Need for Social Connections
5.2 Are the Social Connection Programs Serving the Poor
5.3 Are the Administrative Costs of the Social Connection Programs Low
5.4 Do Social Connection Programs Produce Perverse Incentives

6. Discussion and Recommendations
6.1 Serving the Poorest
6.2 Serving the Relatively Poor
6.3 Making Connections
6.4 Three Recommendations

This paper examines the applicability of conventional formulas that have been widely used in the water supply and sanitation sector to determine revenue requirements for average tariffs. It discusses the impact of capitalization issues on revenue requirements, particularly focusing on the lack of long term financing for water investments in developing countries. Given the resistance among policy makers to increase water tariffs, the paper also highlights the impact that intangibles or implicit charges have on undermining utilities financial situation and how such intangibles can be incorporated in the revenue requirements formula to ease the shocks that may arise as a result of uncontrollable external factors. Finally, the paper introduces the concept of “appropriate costs” which can guide practitioners into carrying out performance audits of publicly owned utilities in order to assess which tariff level is actually appropriate for users to bear and which should be shouldered by other parties.
 
This paper is mainly intended for public utilities that are experiencing difficulties in meeting their financial commitments because of insufficient operating revenues and capital financing. The capital programs of these utilities would be financed predominantly by budgetary transfers or through subordinated debt from central or local governments that have not yet established a lending relationship with private lenders. Some of the issues may also pertain to privately run and financed utilities particularly on issues of contingent or implicit costs related to unexpected macro shocks.
 

Table of Contents:

Executive Summary

1. Introduction

2. Financial Sustainability: A Matter of Reliable Sources of Financing

3. The Infant Utility Challenge

4. Calculating Revenue Requirements

5. Factors Impacting Tariff Level Determination
5.1 Capital Structure
5.2 “Implicit” Costs
5.3 Appropriate or Allowable Costs

6. Summary of Recommendations and Policy Implications
 

This note seeks to assist policy makers and regulators in identifying what they can do to modify the existing regulatory framework or to implement it in a way that is particularly favorable to poor customers. It addresses the following questions:
- How can teh pro-poor merits of an existing regulatory framework be assessed How can regulatory constraints to expanding services to poor customers be identified
- What can be done to alleviate regulatory constraints to pro-poor service Is there scope for "proactive" pro-poor regulation. and if so, what does this consist of

The guidance provided in this note sets out how the needs of poor customers can be taken into account in the regulatory process and framework. It could be of use to policy makers, regulators, service providers, donors, or consumers and their representatives to identify what should be done and decide the way to lift regulatory constraints that have been identified. Many of the actions and regulatory measures recommended here do not need to be labeled as pro-poor in order to achieve the expected benefits. In fact, in certain circumstances, labeling measures in such a way may actually reduce the buy-in from poor customers who would not want to be "put in a box" or labeled in such a way. They would be simple be measures taht acknowledge the true nature of the market for water services in many developing countries, which is a much more eclectic and fragmented market than in developed countries. DEfining such programs of measures to take account of the poor in water sector regulation will require political will and initiative. Donors may have a substantial role to play in advocating and supporting such approaches.

Table of Contents:

1. Introduction
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Outline

2. Taking Account of the Poor: rationale and Principles
2.1 What is a "Regulatory Framework "
2.2 Why Is It Important to Focus on the Poor
2.3 How Can Regulatory Frameworks Take Account of the Poor

3. Taking Account of the Poor: Practical Applications
3.1 Fostering Access Expansion
3.2 Targeting Subsidies
3.3 Regulating Service Quality
3.4 Regulating Alternative Service Providers
3.5 Improving the Focus on Poor Customers
3.6 Conclusion

Annexes:
A. What is Regulation
B. Evaluating Whether an Existing Regulatory Framework Benefits the Poor
C. Annotated Literature Review
D. Regulatory Measures Targeting the Poor

Pustaka ini berisi ringkasan isi dari kumpulan petunjuk praktis di bidang air bersih perdesaan, persampahan perdesaan, serta sanitasi perdesaan.

Daftar Isi:

DAFTAR MODUL PETUNJUK PRAKTIS AIR BERSIH PERDESAAN
1. Perencanaan Pembangunan Sistem Penyedaan Air Bersih
2. Pembangunan Penangkap Mata Air
3. Pembangunan Sumur Gali (SGL) Pasangan Batu Bata
4. Pembangunan Sumur Gali (SGL) Cincin Beton
5. Pembangunan Sumur Pompa Tangan (SPT) Dangkal
6. Pembangunan Sumur Pompa Tangan (SPT) Dalam
7. Pembangunan Penmapung Air Hujan (PAH) Pasangan Bata
8. Pembangunan Penmapung Air Hujan (PAH) Cetakan Fiber
9. Pembangunan SIPAS tipe 1
10. Pembangunan SIPAS tipe 2
11. Pembangunan SIPAS tipe 3
12. Pembangunan SIPAS tipe 4
13. Pembangunan Sarut
14. Pembangunan Pengolahan Air Gambut
15. Pembangunan Intake Air Permukaan

DAFTAR MODUL PETUNJUK PRAKTIS PERSAMPAHAN PERDESAAN
1. Pengelolaan Sampah Perdesaan
2. Pembangunan Prasarana Pembuatan Kompos
3. Pembuatan Kompos
4. Pembuatan Kompos dengan Komposter

DAFTAR MODUL PETUNJUK PRAKTIS SANITASI PERDESAAN
1. Pembangunan, Pengoperasian dan Pemeliharaan MCK (Mandi, Cuci, Kakus)
2. Pembangunan, Pengoperasian dan Pemeliharaan Cubluk
3. Pembangunan, Pengoperasian dan Pemeliharaan Tangki Septik
4. Pembangunan, Pengoperasian dan Pemeliharaan Sarana Pembuangan Air Limbah (SPAL)
5. Pembangunan, Pengoperasian dan Pemeliharaan Drainase Perdesaan

The paper has been written with water and sanitation sector practitioners directly involved in SIMS development as the target audience. Howeever, since all technical terms are introduced and explained in the text, backed up by explanatory notes and examples in the annexes, it should be easily accessible to professionals with a general interest in the water and sanitation sector, as well as those with a general interest in sector monitoring and information systems. The paper was conceived of as living document, as experiences evolve within and outside the region, updates will be made. It should be emphasized that the SIMS model developed here should be viewed as description of the idea. Whilst some components are drawn from best-practice examples in the region, others are still on the drawing board. The authors don't argued for a big-bang approach to development and establishment of SIMS - rather it is argued that SIMS should be developed gradually to allow broad ownership within the sector and to institutionalize SIMS.

The structure of the Guidance Note is as follows:
- Section 2 describes common problems in existing country level sector monitoring systems and typical challenges faced when attempting to improve them,
- Section 3 and 4 present and explain the BUilding Block Model for the development and operationalization of country level SIMS; the rationale behind each of the five building blocks is explained along with a checklist  of important steps for the effective functioning of each;
- Section 5 is a table summarizes the steps in establishing and introducing incremental improvement of SIMS;
- This is backed by country case studies (Annex 1), notes (Annex 2), examples (Annex 3), and a list of abbreviations and references.