Appropriate Sanitation Alternatives A Planning and Design Manual (World Bank Studies in Water Supply and Sanitation 2)

 The United Nations has designated the 1980s as the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanittaion Decade. Its goal is to provide two of the most fundamental human needs – safe water and sanitary disposal of human wastes-to all people. Since 1976, Bank staff and researchers from various countries have been analyzing the economic, environmental, health, and sociological effects of various technologies to identify the most appropriate systems for the needs and resources of different areas. The research has included field investigations in nineteen countries.
 This manual presents the latest field results of the research, summarizes selected portions of other publications on sanitation program planning, and describes the engineering details of alternative sanitation technologies and how they can be upgraded. The guidelines, procedures, and technologies are based on the World Bank’s own research in nineteen countries. The twenty two chapters are divided into three parts; socioeconomic aspects of sanitation program planning, sanitation program planning, and sanitation technology options. The manual is extensively illustrated with technical diagrams of the recommended sanitation systems and their components.

Contents:

Foreword

Preface

Acronyms and Abbreviations

1. An Overview

Part One. Socioeconomic Aspects of Sanitation Program Planning

2. Health Aspects of Sanitation

3. Community Participation

4. Economic Analysis of Sanitation

Part Two. Sanitation Program Planning

5. Comparison of Sanitation Technologies

6. Selection of Sanitation Technologies

7. Sanitation Upgrading Sequences

Part Three. Sanitation Technology Options

8. Latrine and Toilet Superstructures

9. Latrine and Toilet Fixtures

10. VIP Latrines

11. Composting Toilets

12. PF Toilets

13. Aquaprivies

14. Septic Tanks, Soakaways, and Drainfields

15. Conventional Sewerage

16. Small-bore Sewers

17. Bucket Latrines

18. Vault and Cartage Systems

19. Communal Sanitation Facilities

20. Disposal and Treatment of Sullage

21. Off-site Treatment

22. Resource Recovery

Bibliography