Technologies for Upgrading Existing or Designing New Drinking Water

 The 1986 statutory provisions of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
amendments bring a large number of previously unregulated or minimally
regulated water systems under significant regulatory control. This
document covers both established and emerging technologies needed to
comply with these new regulations. Descriptions of each technology
include an overview of the process, performance, design
considerations, operating and maintenance aspects, costs, and
experiences. This information is meant to assist public water system
engineers, operators, and decision-makers faced with the many new
regulatory requirements in selecting methods of compliance. Chapter 2
is an overview of the selection process and potential technological
solutions for each contaminant or contaminant category. This chapter
serves as a guide to subsequent chapters that discuss each treatment
technology in more detail. It includes many tables that compare
relevant information between technologies. Case histories illustrating
experience with each technology are provided in appendices. Chapter 3
covers prefiltration elements of a water treatment system, including
rapid mixing, chemical dosage, coagulation, flocculation, and
sedimentation. While these elements usually precede filtration, they
may be found with other treatment technologies as well. These elements
impact the performance of subsequent components in the treatment
train, which are described in Chapters 4 through 7. Chapter 4
describes filtration technologies that address removal of turbidity
and microbial contamination. Technologies covered include
conventional, direct, slow sand, diatomaceous earth, membrane, and
cartridge filtration systems. Chapter 5 reports on the five major
disinfection technologies: chlorine, ozone, ultraviolet (UV)
radiation, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines. The problem of
disinfection by-products and strategies for their control are also
addressed. Chapters 6 and 7 describe technologies that address organic
and inorganic contamination, respectively. Treatment technologies for
organics removal include granular activated carbon, packed column
aeration, powdered activated carbon, diffused aeration, multiple tray
aeration, oxidation, mechanical aeration, catenary grid aeration,
Higee aeration, and membrane filtration. Treatment technologies for
inorganic removal include corrosion control, reverse osmosis, ion
exchange, activated alumina, aeration, and powdered activated carbon.
Chapter 8 reviews the recent research activities of EPA's Drinking
Water Research Division. Finally, Chapter 9 lists the reference used
in the entire document.

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