Kategori Digilib
Water Demand Management Cookbook
Penerbit
UN-HABITAT, WRP
UN-HABITAT, WRP
Tahun Terbit
2003
2003
No. Klasifikasi
363.61 UNI w
363.61 UNI w
Kata Kunci
water, services, management
water, services, management
Lokasi
Perpustakaan AMPL ( CD Digital Library on Human Settlements and Urbanizations )
Perpustakaan AMPL ( CD Digital Library on Human Settlements and Urbanizations )
Dilihat
780 kali
780 kali
The purpose of this manual is to provide a WDM Toolkit which can be used by water suppliers to assist them in understanding and managing their systems in order to improve the efficiency of water use within their areas of supply.
There are already numerous publications devoted to the concepts and practical implementation of WDM. This document will not attempt to address all of the issues covered by the other publications but will rather concentrate on providing a simple and straightforward approach to WDM, specifically for use in developing countries. Where appropriate, computer models will be discussed and referenced in this document to assist water suppliers. While the objective of the manual is to provide information that can be of assistance to water suppliers throughout Africa, some of the material used in the manual is based on some recent work undertaken through the South African Water Research Commission (WRC) and their support in allowing certain material to be reproduced is gratefully acknowledged.
This "Cookbook" has been split into seven sections, which in turn are supported by key information provided in six appendices. The details for each section and appendix are as follows:
Section 1: Introduction - This section provides the general overview of the purpose of the cookbook and provides some general background to the methodology used in the document.
Section 2: Concepts of Leakage - This section covers the various key concepts of leakage that all water distribution managers should understand if they are to manage their systems effectively. It also provides the principles on which the concepts of Component Based Leakage Management are based.
Section 3: Important Considerations - This section addresses various important issues that should be considered when managing leakage in a distribution system or when developing a WDM Strategy.
Section 4: Losses from the Reticulation Network - This section covers various issues influencing the losses from the reticulation network including pressure management, mains replacement, sectorising, low level audits, etc.
Section 5: Losses from Properties after the Water Meter - This section deals with losses after the property boundary which therefore includes internal plumbing losses and also discusses issues such as retrofitting and water re-use etc.
Section 6: Public Awareness and Education - This section deals with the very important but complex and often overlooked aspects of public awareness and education with regard to water use efficiency. It does not explore the issues in detail since many of the issues are dependant on the country in question and they vary significantly, due to the great cultural diversity, throughout Africa.
Section 7: Documentation - This section provides some useful references and web-site addresses which may be of interest to the water manager if more detailed information is required on various aspects of WDM.
Appendix A: Glossary of Water Balance Terms - This appendix provides a list of terms used to describe the various components of the standard IWA Water Balance.
Appendix B: Introduction to BABE, FAVAD and UARL - This appendix provides a general overview of the Burst and Background Estimate methodology as well as details of the Fixed Area Variable Area Discharges theory. It concludes with a breakdown of the calculation used to assess the Unavoidable Annual Real Losses associated with an area.
Appendix C: Methods of Calculating AZP Pressure - This appendix provides a simple description to assist water users in calculating the Average Zone Point pressure which is one of the key parameters used in the BABE calculations.
Appendix D Example of a High Level Water Audit: This appendix includes a completed Water Audit for a large water supply system for reference purposes.
Appendix E: Summary of the Various WDM Models developed through the WRC. This appendix provides a short description of the four main models developed by the WRC which are available through the internet.
Appendix F: Details of the Khayelitsha Pressure Management Project. This appendix includes a short description of one of the most successful examples of pressure management in the world where the results exceeded all expectations.
There are already numerous publications devoted to the concepts and practical implementation of WDM. This document will not attempt to address all of the issues covered by the other publications but will rather concentrate on providing a simple and straightforward approach to WDM, specifically for use in developing countries. Where appropriate, computer models will be discussed and referenced in this document to assist water suppliers. While the objective of the manual is to provide information that can be of assistance to water suppliers throughout Africa, some of the material used in the manual is based on some recent work undertaken through the South African Water Research Commission (WRC) and their support in allowing certain material to be reproduced is gratefully acknowledged.
This "Cookbook" has been split into seven sections, which in turn are supported by key information provided in six appendices. The details for each section and appendix are as follows:
Section 1: Introduction - This section provides the general overview of the purpose of the cookbook and provides some general background to the methodology used in the document.
Section 2: Concepts of Leakage - This section covers the various key concepts of leakage that all water distribution managers should understand if they are to manage their systems effectively. It also provides the principles on which the concepts of Component Based Leakage Management are based.
Section 3: Important Considerations - This section addresses various important issues that should be considered when managing leakage in a distribution system or when developing a WDM Strategy.
Section 4: Losses from the Reticulation Network - This section covers various issues influencing the losses from the reticulation network including pressure management, mains replacement, sectorising, low level audits, etc.
Section 5: Losses from Properties after the Water Meter - This section deals with losses after the property boundary which therefore includes internal plumbing losses and also discusses issues such as retrofitting and water re-use etc.
Section 6: Public Awareness and Education - This section deals with the very important but complex and often overlooked aspects of public awareness and education with regard to water use efficiency. It does not explore the issues in detail since many of the issues are dependant on the country in question and they vary significantly, due to the great cultural diversity, throughout Africa.
Section 7: Documentation - This section provides some useful references and web-site addresses which may be of interest to the water manager if more detailed information is required on various aspects of WDM.
Appendix A: Glossary of Water Balance Terms - This appendix provides a list of terms used to describe the various components of the standard IWA Water Balance.
Appendix B: Introduction to BABE, FAVAD and UARL - This appendix provides a general overview of the Burst and Background Estimate methodology as well as details of the Fixed Area Variable Area Discharges theory. It concludes with a breakdown of the calculation used to assess the Unavoidable Annual Real Losses associated with an area.
Appendix C: Methods of Calculating AZP Pressure - This appendix provides a simple description to assist water users in calculating the Average Zone Point pressure which is one of the key parameters used in the BABE calculations.
Appendix D Example of a High Level Water Audit: This appendix includes a completed Water Audit for a large water supply system for reference purposes.
Appendix E: Summary of the Various WDM Models developed through the WRC. This appendix provides a short description of the four main models developed by the WRC which are available through the internet.
Appendix F: Details of the Khayelitsha Pressure Management Project. This appendix includes a short description of one of the most successful examples of pressure management in the world where the results exceeded all expectations.